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L E S S O N 4 What You ll Do PHOTOSHOP 2-16 Working with Layers Chapter 2 ORGANIZE LAYERS WITH Understanding Layer Groups A layer group is a Photoshop feature that allows you to organize your layers on the Layers palette. A layer group contains individual layers. For example, you can create a layer group that contains all the type layers in your image. To create a layer group, you click the Layers palette list arrow, then click New Group. As with layers, it is helpful to choose a descriptive name for a layer group. Organizing Layers into Groups After you create a layer group, you simply drag layers on the Layers palette directly on top of the layer group. You can remove layers from a layer group by dragging them out of the layer group to a new location on the Layers palette or by deleting them. Some changes made to a layer group, such as blending mode or opacity changes, affect every layer in the layer group. You can choose to expand or collapse layer groups, depending on the amount of information you need to see. Expanding a layer group In this lesson, you ll use the Layers palette menu to create, name, and color a layer group, and then add layers to it. You ll add finishing touches to the image, save it as a copy, then flatten it. . Duplicating a layer When you add a new layer by clicking the Create a new layer button on the Layers palette, the new layer contains default settings. However, you might want to create a new layer that has the same settings as an existing layer. You can do so by duplicating an existing layer to create a copy of that layer and its settings. Duplicating a layer is also a good way to preserve your modifications, because you can modify the duplicate layer and not worry about losing your original work. To create a duplicate layer, select the layer you want to copy, click the Layers palette list arrow, click Duplicate Layer, then click OK. The new layer will appear above the original. LAYER GROUPS AND COLORS
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Lesson 3 Add a Selection from One Image to Another PHOTOSHOP 2-15 FIGURE 14 Gourds image dragged to New England Fall image FIGURE 15 Gourds layer defringed Move a selection to another image 1. Click the Move Tool on the toolbox. 2. Position the Move Tool pointer anywhere over the selection in the Gourds image. 3. Drag the selection to the New England Fall image, then release the mouse button. The Gourds image moves to the New England Fall file appearing on Layer 1. 4. If necessary, use the Move Tool pointer to drag the gourds to the location at the lowerleft corner of the wreath. 5. Click the triangle in the document window status bar , point to Show, then click Document Sizes. Compare your image to Figure 14. You dragged a selection from one image to another. You displayed the document size in the window. Defringe the selection 1. Click Layer on the menu bar, point to Matting, then click Defringe. Defringing a selection gets rid of the halo effect that sometimes occurs when objects are dragged from one image to another. 2. Type 2 in the Width text box, then click OK. 3. Save your work. 4. Close Gourds.psd, then compare the New England Fall image to Figure 15. You removed the fringe from a selection. Gourds object in image Gourds moved to active layer in image White fringe surrounds object
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PHOTOSHOP 2-14 Working with Layers Chapter 2 Make a color range selection 1. Open PS 2-2.psd from the drive and folder where your Data Files are stored, save it as Gourds, click the title bar, then drag the window to an empty area of the workspace so that you can see both images. TIP When more than one file is open, each has its own set of rulers. 2. Click Select on the menu bar, then click Color Range. TIP If the background color is solid, you can select the Invert check box to pick only the pixels in the image area. 3. Click the Image option button, then type 0 in the Fuzziness text box (or drag the slider all the way to the left until you see 0). 4. Position the Eyedropper pointer in the white background of the image in the Color Range dialog box, then click the background. 5. Select the Invert check box. Compare your dialog box to Figure 12. 6. Click OK, then compare your Gourds.psd image to Figure 13. You opened a file and used the Color Range dialog box to select the image pixels by selecting the image s inverted colors. Selecting the inverse is an important skill in making selections. FIGURE 12 Color Range dialog box FIGURE 13 Marquee surrounding selection Fuzziness text box Invert check box Marquee surrounds everything that is the inverse of the white background Using the Place command You can add an image from another image to a layer using the Place command. Place an image in a Photoshop layer by clicking File on the menu bar, then clicking Place. The placed artwork appears inside a bounding box at the center of the Photoshop image. The artwork maintains its original aspect ratio; however, if the artwork is larger than the Photoshop image, it is resized to fit.
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Lesson 3 Add a Selection from One Image to Another PHOTOSHOP 2-13 For example, you can select the Invert check box to choose one color and then select the portion of the image that is every color except that one. After you select all the imagery you want from another image, you can drag it into your open file. Making a Selection and Moving a Selection You can use a variety of methods and tools to make a selection, which can be used as a specific part of a layer or as the entire layer. You use selections to isolate an area you want to alter. For example, you can use the Magnetic Lasso Tool to select complex shapes by clicking the starting point, tracing an approximate outline, then clicking the ending point. Later, you can use the Crop Tool to trim areas from a selection. When you use the Move Tool to drag a selection to the destination image, Photoshop places the selection in a new layer above the previously active layer. Defringing Layer Contents Sometimes when you make a selection, then move it into another image, the newly selected image can contain unwanted pixels that give the appearance of a fringe, or halo. You can remove this effect using a Matting command called Defringe. This command is available on the Layers menu and allows you to replace fringe pixels with the colors of other nearby pixels. You can determine a width for replacement pixels between 1 and 200. It s magic! FIGURE 11 Marquee selections Area selected using the Rectangular Marquee Tool Specific element selected using the Magnetic Lasso Tool TABLE 1: Selection Tools tool tool name tool tool name Rectangular Marquee Tool Lasso Tool Elliptical Marquee Tool Polygonal Lasso Tool Single Row Marquee Tool Magnetic Lasso Tool Single Column Marquee Tool Eraser Tool Crop Tool Background Eraser Tool Magic Wand Tool Magic Eraser Tool
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L E S S O N 3 What You ll Do PHOTOSHOP 2-12 Working with Layers Chapter 2 ADD A SELECTION FROM ONE Understanding Selections Often the Photoshop file you want to create involves using an image or part of an image from another file. To use an image or part of an image, you must first select it. Photoshop refers to this as making a selection. A selection is an area of an image surrounded by a marquee, a dashed line that surrounds the area you want to edit or move to another image, as shown in Figure 11. You can drag a marquee around a selection using four marquee tools: Rectangular Marquee, Elliptical Marquee, Single Row Marquee, and Single Column Marquee. Table 1 displays the four marquee tools and other selection tools. You can set options for each tool on the options bar when the tool you want to use is active. Understanding the Extract and Color Range Commands In addition to using selection tools, Photoshop provides other methods for incorporating imagery from other files. The Extract command, located on the Filter menu, separates an image from a background or surrounding imagery. You can use the Color Range command, located on the Select menu, to select a particular color contained in an existing image. Depending on the area you want, you can use the Color Range dialog box to extract a portion of an image. In this lesson, you ll use the Invert check box in the Color Range dialog box to make a selection, drag the selection to another image, and remove the fringe from a selection using the Defringe command. . Cropping an image You might find an image that you really like, except that it contains a particular portion that you don t need. You can exclude, or crop, certain parts of an image by using the Crop Tool on the toolbox. Cropping hides areas of an image from view without losing resolution quality. To crop an image, click the Crop Tool on the toolbox, drag the pointer around the area you want to keep, then press [Enter] (Win) or [return] (Mac). IMAGE TO ANOTHER
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Lesson 2 Add and Delete Layers PHOTOSHOP 2-11 FIGURE 10 New layer with default settings Delete a layer 1. Position the Layer selection pointer over Layer 1 on the Layers palette. 2. Drag Layer 1 to the Delete layer button on the Layers palette. TIP You can also delete the layer by dragging the New Layer state on the History palette to the Delete current state button. 3. If the Delete the layer Layer 1 dialog box opens, click the Don t show again check box, then click Yes. TIP Many dialog boxes let you turn off this reminder feature by selecting the Don t show again check box. Selecting these check boxes can improve your efficiency. You used the Delete layer button on the Layers palette to delete a layer. Add a layer using the Layers palette 1. Click the Fall in New England layer on the Layers palette, if it is not already selected. 2. Click the Create a new layer button on the Layers palette, then compare your Layers palette to Figure 10. 3. Save your work. You used the Create a new layer button on the Layers palette to add a new layer. Default settings Right-clicking for everyone (Mac) Mac users, are you feeling left out because you can t right-click? If so, you ll welcome this news: anyone (yes, even Mac users!) can right-click simply by replacing the mouse that came with your computer with any two-button mouse that uses a USB connector. OS X was designed to recognize two-button mice without having to add software. Once you ve switched mice, just plug and play! You can then right-click using the (Win) instructions in the steps. Create a new layer button
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PHOTOSHOP 2-10 Working with Layers Chapter 2 Add a layer using the Layer menu 1. Click the Fall in New England layer on the Layers palette. 2. Click Layer on the menu bar, point to New, then click Layer to open the New Layer dialog box, as shown in Figure 8. A new layer will be added above the active layer. TIP You can change the layer name in the New Layer dialog box before it appears on the Layers palette. 3. Click OK. The New Layer dialog box closes and the new layer appears above the Fall in New England layer on the Layers palette. The New Layer state is added to the History palette. See Figure 9. You created a new layer above the Fall in New England layer, using the New command on the Layer menu. The layer does not yet contain any content. FIGURE 8 New Layer dialog box FIGURE 9 New layer on Layers palette Default name determined by existing layer names Color list arrow New layer New Layer history state Inserting a layer beneath the active layer When you add a layer to an image either by using the Layer menu or clicking the Create a new layer button on the Layers palette, the new layer is inserted above the active layer. But there might be times when you want to insert the new layer beneath, or in back of, the active layer. You can do so easily, by pressing [Ctrl] (Win) or [Command] (Mac) while clicking the Create a new layer button on the Layers palette.
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FIGURE 7 Layers palette menu Lesson 2 Add and Delete Layers PHOTOSHOP 2-9 Naming a Layer Photoshop automatically assigns a sequential number to each new layer name, but you can rename a layer at any time. So, if you have four named layers and add a new layer, the default name of the new layer will be Layer 1. After all, calling a layer Layer 12 is fine, but you might want to use a more descriptive name so it is easier to distinguish one layer from another. If you use the New command on the Layers menu, you can name the layer when you create it. You can rename a layer at any time by using either of these methods: Click the Layers palette list arrow, click Layer Properties, type the name in the Name text box, then click OK. Double-click the name on the Layers palette, type the new name, then press [Enter] (Win) or [return] (Mac). Deleting Layers From an Image You might want to delete an unused or unnecessary layer. You can use four methods to delete a layer: Click the name on the Layers palette, click the Layers palette list arrow, then click Delete Layer as shown in Figure 7. Click the name on the Layers palette, click the Delete layer button on the Layers palette, then click Yes in the warning box. Click the name on the Layers palette, press and hold [Alt] (Win) or [option] (Mac), then click the Delete layer button on the Layers palette. Drag the layer name on the Layers palette to the Delete layer button on the Layers palette. You should be certain that you no longer need a layer before you delete it. If you delete a layer by accident, you can restore it during the current editing session by deleting the Delete Layer state on the History palette. QUICKTIP Photoshop always numbers layers sequentially, no matter how many layers you add or delete. Layers palette list arrow Delete Layer command Delete layer button Create a new layer button
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