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Lesson 2 Use the Color Picker and the Swatches Palette PHOTOSHOP 4-11 FIGURE 8 Selecting a new color (pastel cyan) in the Color Picker dialog box Previous color Color swatch on the Swatches palette Slider Color field New color Vertical color bar Using the Swatches Palette You can also change colors using the Swatches palette. The Swatches palette is a visual display of colors you can choose from, as shown in Figure 9. You can add your own colors to the palette by sampling a color from an image, and you can also delete colors. When you add a swatch to the Swatches palette, Photoshop assigns a default name that has a sequential number, or you can name the swatch whatever you like. Photoshop places new swatches in the first available space at the end of the palette. You can view swatch names by clicking the Swatches palette list arrow, then clicking Small List. You can restore the default Swatches palette by clicking the Swatches palette list arrow, clicking Reset Swatches, then clicking OK. FIGURE 9 Selecting the pastel cyan color on the Swatches palette Swatches palette list arrow
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L E S S O N 2 What You ll Do PHOTOSHOP 4-10 Incorporating Color Techniques Chapter 4 Making Selections from the Color Picker Depending on the color model you are using, you can select colors using the Color Picker, a feature that lets you choose a color from a color spectrum or lets you numerically define a custom color. You can change colors in the Color Picker dialog box by using the following methods: Drag the sliders along the vertical color bar. Click inside the vertical color bar. Click a color in the Color field. Enter a value in any of the text boxes. Figure 8 shows a color in the Color Picker dialog box. A circular marker indicates the active color. The color slider displays the range of color levels available for the active color component. The adjustments you make by dragging or clicking a new color are reflected in the text boxes; when you choose a new color, the previous color appears below the new color in the preview area. In this lesson, you ll use the Color Picker and the Swatches palette to select new colors, then you ll add a new color to the background and to the Swatches palette. . USE THE COLOR PICKER AND THE SWATCHES PALETTE
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Lesson 1 Work with Color to Transform an Image PHOTOSHOP 4-9 Change the background color using the Eyedropper Tool 1. Click the Background layer on the Layers palette. 2. Click the Eyedropper Tool on the toolbox. 3. Click the red pepper in the image at coordinates 215 X/210 Y with the Eyedropper pointer , using the Info palette and the blue guides to help ensure accuracy. The Set foreground color button displays the red color that you clicked (or sampled). 4. Click the Paint Bucket Tool on the toolbox. 5. Click the image, then compare your screen to Figure 7. TIP Your color values on the Color palette might vary from the sample. 6. Save your work. You used the Eyedropper Tool to sample a color as the foreground color, then used the Paint Bucket Tool to change the background color to the color you sampled. Using the Eyedropper Tool is a convenient way of sampling a color in any Photoshop image. FIGURE 7 New foreground color applied to Background layer New foreground color
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PHOTOSHOP 4-8 Incorporating Color Techniques Chapter 4 Change the background color using the Color palette 1. Click the Background layer on the Layers palette. 2. Click the Color palette tab (if it is not already selected). 3. Drag each color slider on the Color palette until you reach the values shown in Figure 5. The active color changes to the new color. Did you notice that this image is using the RGB mode? TIP You can also double-click each component s text box on the Color palette and type the color values. 4. Click the Paint Bucket Tool on the toolbox. TIP If the Paint Bucket Tool is not visible on the toolbox, click the Gradient Tool on the toolbox, press and hold the mouse button until the list of hidden tools appears, then click the Paint Bucket Tool. 5. Click the image with the Paint Bucket pointer . 6. Drag the Paint Bucket state on the History palette onto the Delete current state button . TIP You can also undo the last action by clicking Edit on the menu bar, then clicking Undo Paint Bucket. You set new values in the Color palette, used the Paint Bucket Tool to change the background to that color, then undid the change. You can change colors on the Color palette by dragging the sliders or by typing values in the color text boxes. Using ruler coordinates Photoshop rulers run along the top and left sides of the document window. Each point on an image has a horizontal and vertical location. These two numbers, called X and Y coordinates, appear on the Info palette (which is located behind the Navigator palette) as shown in Figure 6. The X coordinate refers to the horizontal location, and the Y coordinate refers to the vertical location. You can use one or both sets of guides to identify coordinates of a location, such as a color you want to sample. If you have difficulty seeing the ruler markings, you can increase the size of the image; the greater the zoom factor, the more detailed the measurement hashes. FIGURE 5 Color palette with new color Active color selection box Slider FIGURE 6 Info palette X/Y coordinates
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Lesson 1 Work with Color to Transform an Image PHOTOSHOP 4-7 FIGURE 3 Image with rulers displayed FIGURE 4 Color Settings dialog box Set the default foreground and background colors 1. Start Photoshop, open PS 4-1.psd from the drive and folder where your Data Files are stored, then save it as Chili Shop. 2. Click the Default Foreground and Background Colors button on the toolbox. 3. Change the status bar so the document sizes display, if necessary. TIP Document sizes will not display in the status bar if the image window is too small. Drag the lower-right corner of the image window to expand the window and display the menu button and document sizes. 4. Display the rulers in pixels (if necessary), then compare your screen to Figure 3. TIP You can right-click (Win) or [control]-click (Mac) one of the rulers to choose Pixels, Inches, Centimeters, Millimeters, Points, Picas, or Percent as a unit of measurement, instead of using the Rulers and Units Preferences dialog box. You set the default foreground and background colors and displayed rulers in pixels. Creating a rendering intent The use of a rendering intent determines how colors are converted by a color management system. A color management system is used to keep colors looking consistent as they move between devices. Colors are defined and interpreted using a profile. You can create a rendering intent by clicking Edit on the menu bar, then clicking Color Settings. Click the More Options button in the Color Settings dialog box, click the Intent list arrow shown in Figure 4, then click one of the four options. Since a gamut is the range of color that a color system can display or print, the rendering intent is constantly evaluating the color gamut and deciding whether or not the colors need adjusting. So, colors that fall inside the destination gamut may not be changed, or they may be adjusted when translated to a smaller color gamut. Intent list arrow Your document size may differ
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PHOTOSHOP 4-6 Incorporating Color Techniques Chapter 4 QUICKTIP Colors you see onscreen often vary because color monitors use the RGB mode, which uses red, green, and blue phosphors to create a pixel. Variables such as the manufacturing technique used to apply phosphors to the glass, and the capabilities of your video adapter affect how your monitor displays color. CMYK Mode The light-absorbing quality of ink printed on paper is the basis of the CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) mode. Unlike the RGB mode in which components are combined to create new colors the CMYK mode is based on colors being partially absorbed as the ink hits the paper and being partially reflected back to your eyes. CMYK colors are subtractive colors the absence of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black creates white. Subtractive (CMYK) and additive (RGB) colors are complementary colors; a pair from one model creates a color in the other. When combined, cyan, magenta, and yellow absorb all color and produce black. The CMYK mode in which the lightest colors are assigned the highest percentages of ink colors is used in fourcolor process printing. Converting an RGB image into a CMYK image produces a color separation (the commercial printing process of separating colors for use with different inks). Note, however, that because your monitor uses RGB mode, you will not see the exact colors until you print the image, and even then the colors can vary depending on the printer and offset press. Understanding the Bitmap and Grayscale Modes In addition to the RGB and CMYK modes, Photoshop provides two specialized color modes: bitmap and grayscale. The bitmap mode uses black or white color values to represent image pixels, and is a good choice for images with subtle color gradations, such as photographs or painted images. The grayscale mode uses up to 256 shades of gray, assigning a brightness value from 0 (black) to 255 (white) to each pixel. Displayed colors can vary from monitor to monitor even if you use identical color settings on different computers. Changing Foreground and Background Colors In Photoshop, the foreground color is black by default and is used to paint, fill, and apply a border to a selection. The background color is white by default and is used to make gradient fills (gradual blends of multiple colors) and fill in areas of an image that have been erased. You can change foreground and background colors using the Color palette, the Swatches palette, the Color Picker, or the Eyedropper Tool. One method of changing foreground and background colors is sampling, in which an existing color is used. You can restore the default colors by clicking the Default Foreground and Background Colors button on the toolbox, shown in Figure 2. You can apply a color to the background of a layer using the Paint Bucket Tool. When you click an image with the Paint Bucket Tool, the current foreground color on the toolbox fills the active layer. FIGURE 2 Foreground and background color buttons Switch Foreground and Background Colors button Set background color button Set foreground color button Default Foreground and Background Colors button
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Lesson 1 Work with Color to Transform an Image PHOTOSHOP 4-5 L*a*b Model The L*a*b model is based on one luminance (lightness) component and two chromatic components (from green to red, and from blue to yellow). Using the L*a*b model has distinct advantages: you have the largest number of colors available to you and the greatest precision with which to create them. You can also create all the colors contained by other color models, which are limited in their respective color ranges. The L*a*b model is deviceindependent the colors will not vary, regardless of the hardware. Use this model when working with photo CD images so that you can independently edit the luminance and color values. HSB Model Based on the human perception of color, the HSB (Hue, Saturation, Brightness) model has three fundamental characteristics: hue, saturation, and brightness. The color reflected from or transmitted through an object is called hue. Expressed as a degree (between 0 and 360 ), each hue is identified by a color name (such as red or green). Saturation (or chroma) is the strength or purity of the color, representing the amount of gray in proportion to hue. Saturation is measured as a percentage from 0% (gray) to 100% (fully saturated). Brightness is the measurement of relative lightness or darkness of a color and is measured as a percentage from 0% (black) to 100% (white). Although you can use the HSB model to define a color on the Color palette or in the Color Picker dialog box, Photoshop does not offer HSB mode as a choice for creating or editing images. RGB Mode Photoshop uses color modes to determine how to display and print an image. Each mode is based on established models used in color reproduction. Most colors in the visible spectrum can be represented by mixing various proportions and intensities of red, green, and blue (RGB) colored light. RGB colors are additive colors. Additive colors are used for lighting, video, and computer monitors; color is created by light passing through red, green, and blue phosphors. When the values of red, green, and blue are zero, the result is black; when the values are all 255, the result is white. Photoshop assigns each component of the RGB mode an intensity value. Your colors can vary from monitor to monitor even if you are using the exact RGB values on different computers. FIGURE 1 Photoshop color gamuts
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L E S S O N 1 What You ll Do PHOTOSHOP 4-4 Incorporating Color Techniques Chapter 4 Learning About Color Models Photoshop reproduces colors using models of color modes. The range of displayed colors, or gamut, for each model available in Photoshop is shown in Figure 1. The shape of each color gamut indicates the range of colors it can display. If a color is out of gamut, it is beyond the color space that your monitor can display or that your printer can print. You select the color mode from the Mode command on the Image menu. The available Photoshop color models are L*a*b, HSB, RGB, CMYK, Bitmap, and Grayscale. QUICKTIP A color mode is used to determine which color model will be used to display and print an image. In this lesson, you ll use the Color palette, the Paint Bucket Tool, and the Eyedropper Tool to change the background color of an image. . DESIGNTIP Understanding the psychology of color Have you ever wondered why some colors make you react a certain way? You might have noticed that some colors affect you differently than others. Color is such an important part of our lives, and in Photoshop, it s key. Specific colors are often used in print and Web pages to evoke the following responses: Blue tends to instill a feeling of safety and stability and is often used by financial services. Certain shades of green can generate a soft, calming feeling, while others suggest youthfulness and growth. Red commands attention and can be used as a call to action; it can also distract a reader s attention from other content. White evokes the feeling of purity and innocence, looks cool and fresh, and is often used to suggest luxury. Black conveys feelings of power and strength, but can also suggest darkness and negativity. WORK WITH COLOR TO TRANSFORM AN IMAGE
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4-3 Tools You ll Use Gradient styles Gradient picker Swatches palette Gradient Tool list arrow Paint Bucket Tool Eyedropper Tool Switch Foreground and Background Colors button Sharpen filters
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4-2 Using Color Color can make or break an image. Sometimes colors can draw us into an image; other times they can repel us. We all know what colors we like, but when it comes to creating an image, it is helpful to have some knowledge of color theory and be familiar with color terminology. Understanding how Photoshop measures, displays, and prints color can be valuable when you create new images or modify existing images. Some colors you choose might be difficult for a professional printer to reproduce or might look muddy when printed. As you become more experienced using colors, you will learn which colors can be reproduced well and which ones cannot. Understanding Color Modes and Color Models Photoshop displays and prints images using specific color modes. A mode is the amount of color data that can be stored in a given file format, based on an established model. A model determines how pigments combine to produce resulting colors. This is the way your computer or printer associates a name or numbers with colors. Photoshop uses standard color models as the basis for its color modes. Displaying and Printing Images An image displayed on your monitor, such as an icon on your desktop, is a bitmap, a geometric arrangement of different color dots on a rectangular grid. Each dot, called a pixel, represents a color or shade. Bitmapped images are resolutiondependent and can lose detail often demonstrated by a jagged appearance when highly magnified. When printed, images with high resolutions tend to show more detail and subtler color transitions than low-resolution images. INCORPORATING COLOR TECHNIQUES chapter4
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